AI and the Brethren in Christ: Hallucinations & Corrections

The AI and the Brethren in Christ

Hallucinations and Corrections

I have been a minister in the Brethren in Christ (BIC) since 1988. Since my entry into the denomination, I have worked with five BIC churches in an active pastoral role, and with two bishops and over 100 churches in a denominational role and setting. I would say that I have had a fairly good handle on BIC history and theology and the major influencers of the denomination.

Recently, I asked the artificial intelligence language models (AI) for a survey of BIC history and theology and significant men and women leaders of the denomination. Below are some of the AI results and my commentary on what are called AI “hallucinations.” An AI hallucination is when an artificial intelligence models perceives patterns or objects that are nonexistent, creating nonsensical or inaccurate outputs. Note the examples below.

From Claude.ai

Question: Site the history and doctrinal sources of Brethren in Christ

The Brethren in Christ (BIC) is a Protestant Christian denomination with Anabaptist and Pietist roots. Here's a concise overview of their history and doctrinal sources.

History:

• Originated in the late 18th century in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
• Founded by a group led by Jacob Engel, influenced by Anabaptist, Pietist, and Wesleyan teachings
• Initially known as "River Brethren" due to their practice of baptism in the Susquehanna River
• Adopted the name "Brethren in Christ" in the 1860s

 Doctrinal Sources:

Bible: Primary source of authority and guidance

Anabaptist tradition:

• Emphasis on adult baptism
• Pacifism and nonresistance
• Separation of church and state

Pietist influences:

• Focus on personal spiritual experience
• Importance of holy living

Wesleyan holiness movement:

• Doctrine of entire sanctification
• Emphasis on personal holiness and social action

Evangelical theology:

• Importance of evangelism and missions
• Belief in salvation through faith in Jesus Christ

BIC Confession of Faith:

• Outlines core beliefs and practices
• Regularly updated to address contemporary issues

Question: How Wesleyan is the Brethren in Christ?

The Brethren in Christ (BIC) has significant Wesleyan influences, particularly since the late 19th century. However, it's important to note that the BIC is not purely Wesleyan, as it blends Wesleyan elements with its Anabaptist and Pietist roots. Here's an overview of the Wesleyan aspects in BIC theology and practice:

Doctrine of Entire Sanctification:

• Adopted in the late 19th century
• Belief in the possibility of living a holy life through God's grace
• Emphasis on a "second work of grace" after conversion

Emphasis on Personal Holiness:

• Focus on living a life free from willful sin
• Importance of spiritual disciplines and growth

Arminian Soteriology:

• Belief in free will and the ability to choose or reject salvation
• Rejection of Calvinistic predestination

Prevenient Grace:

• God's grace is available to all, preparing hearts for salvation
• Emphasis on human responsibility in responding to God's grace

Social Holiness:

• Commitment to social justice and compassion ministries
• Balance between personal piety and social engagement

Worship Style:

• Incorporation of Wesleyan hymns and worship practices
• Emphasis on experiential and heartfelt worship

Discipleship and Small Groups:

• Focus on spiritual formation through community
• Use of class meetings and small groups for accountability

Optimistic View of Sanctification:

• Belief in the possibility of significant spiritual growth and victory over sin in this life

Emphasis on Christian Perfection:

• While not universally held, some BIC congregations emphasize the Wesleyan concept of Christian perfection

Educational Institutions:

• Some BIC educational institutions have Wesleyan influences in their theology departments

It's worth noting that the degree of Wesleyan influence can vary among BIC congregations and individuals. The denomination seeks to balance its Wesleyan heritage with its Anabaptist and Pietist roots, creating a unique theological blend. Some BIC churches and members may lean more heavily into Wesleyan theology, while others may emphasize other aspects of their theological heritage

Question: Evangelical theology and the Brethren in Christ

The Brethren in Christ (BIC) have incorporated elements of evangelical theology into their beliefs and practices, particularly in the 20th century. Here's a more detailed look at how evangelical theology has influenced the BIC:

Emphasis on Biblical authority:

• High view of Scripture as inspired and authoritative
• Focus on literal interpretation and application of Biblical texts

Salvation through faith:

• Belief in salvation by grace through faith in Jesus Christ
• Emphasis on personal conversion experience

Evangelism and missions:

• Strong commitment to sharing the gospel
• Active involvement in both local and global missions

Christocentric focus:

• Central importance of Jesus Christ in theology and practice
• Emphasis on a personal relationship with Christ

Discipleship:

• Importance of spiritual growth and maturity
• Focus on mentoring and small group participation

Social engagement:

• Balancing personal piety with social responsibility
• Involvement in issues of justice, poverty, and compassion ministries

Eschatology:

• Belief in the second coming of Christ
• Various views on end-times prophecy, but generally premillennial

Worship styles:

• Incorporation of contemporary worship music and practices
• Blending of traditional and modern elements in services

Ecumenical cooperation:

• Engagement with other evangelical denominations and organizations
• Participation in broader evangelical movements and initiatives

Education:

• Support for Christian education at all levels
• Establishment of Bible colleges and seminaries

The BIC's adoption of evangelical theology has allowed them to maintain their distinctive Anabaptist and Pietist heritage while engaging with broader Protestant Christianity. This synthesis has shaped their identity as a denomination that seeks to be "Anabaptist, Pietist, and Wesleyan" while also identifying as evangelical.

The Brethren in Christ (BIC) has produced or been associated with several leaders who have gained recognition in the broader evangelical church world. Here are some notable figures:

E. Morris Sider —Prominent historian of the BIC; Author of numerous books on BIC history and theology

Ronald J. Sider —  Influential author and social activist; Founder of Evangelicals for Social Action; Known for his book "Rich Christians in an Age of Hunger"

Bruxy Cavey —Former pastor of The Meeting House, a large BIC church in Canada; Popular speaker and author, known for "The End of Religion"

Stuart Murray — Anabaptist theologian and author; While not exclusively BIC, has had significant influence on BIC thinking

Darrell Winger — Served in various BIC leadership roles; Author and speaker on church leadership

Luke Keefer Jr. — Theologian and educator; Influential in shaping BIC theological education

John and Esther Spurrier — Long-term missionaries and leaders in BIC missions

Dwight Robertson — Founder of Kingdom Building Ministries; Influential in evangelism and discipleship training

Arthur Climenhaga — Former bishop and missionary; Served as executive director of the National Association of Evangelicals

Roger Williams — Former General Secretary of the BIC Church in North America; Leader in denominational renewal efforts

Warren Hoffman — Former moderator of the BIC General Conference; Author on church leadership and spiritual formation

It's important to note that while these individuals have gained recognition beyond the BIC, the denomination itself tends to be less focused on promoting "celebrity" leaders compared to some other evangelical groups. Many influential BIC leaders may be well-known within the denomination but less recognized in broader evangelical circles. Also, the level of influence and recognition can vary over time and in different contexts. Some leaders may have had significant impact in certain periods or specific areas of ministry. The Brethren in Christ (BIC) has been influenced by various non-BIC sources throughout its history, contributing to its unique theological and practical blend. 

Question: What is the role of women in the Brethren in Christ?

The role of women in the Brethren in Christ (BIC) has evolved significantly over time. Here's an overview of the historical progression and current stance:

Historical Background:

• Traditionally, like many conservative denominations, the BIC had limited roles for women in leadership.
• Women were active in missions, education, and service roles from early on.

Gradual Change:

• Mid-20th century saw increasing discussions about women's roles.
• Influenced by broader societal changes and evolving interpretations of Scripture.

Ordination of Women:

• In 1982, the BIC General Conference approved the ordination of women.
• This was a significant shift in policy and theology.

Current Official Stance:

• The BIC now officially supports women in all levels of church leadership, including pastoral roles.
• Equality in ministry is based on giftedness rather than gender.

Varied Implementation:

• Despite official policy, implementation varies among congregations.
• Some churches fully embrace women in leadership, while others are more conservative.

Women in Missions:

• Women have long played crucial roles in BIC missions, both domestically and internationally.
• Many women serve as missionaries, teachers, and administrators.

Education and Scholarship:

• Women are active in BIC educational institutions as students, professors, and administrators.
• Increased focus on women's perspectives in Biblical and theological scholarship.

Denominational Leadership:

• Women serve on various boards and committees at local and national levels.
• Some women have held high-level denominational leadership positions.

Continuing Dialogue:

• Ongoing discussions about gender roles and equality within the church.
• Efforts to address remaining barriers and promote full inclusion.

Cultural Considerations:

• The role of women can vary in different cultural contexts where the BIC operates globally.

It's important to note that while the denomination officially supports women in all roles, individual congregations may vary in their practices. The BIC continues to navigate this issue, balancing their commitment to Biblical interpretation, cultural considerations, and the recognition of spiritual gifts regardless of gender.

Question: List significant women leaders in the Brethren in Christ

The Brethren in Christ (BIC) has had several significant women leaders throughout its history, particularly as the denomination has become more open to women in leadership roles. Here's a list of some notable women leaders in the BIC:

Rhoda Lee

• One of the first BIC women to speak publicly at a General Conference (1894)
• Advocated for missions and women's involvement in church work

Frances Davidson

• Pioneer missionary to Africa in the early 1900s
• Founded the Macha Mission in Zambia

Anna Engle

• Long-serving missionary in Africa
• Educator and linguist who contributed to Bible translation work

Dorcas Climenhaga

• Served as a missionary and in various leadership roles
• Wife of BIC bishop Arthur Climenhaga

Dorothy Sherk

• Educator and leader in the Canadian BIC church
• Served on various denominational boards

Lucille Marr

• Historian and author who has written extensively on BIC history
• Served as president of the Brethren in Christ Historical Society

Lynn Thrush

• One of the first women ordained in the BIC (1980s)
• Served as a pastor and denominational leader

Harriet Bicksler

• Long-time editor of "Shalom!", a BIC peace and justice journal
• Advocate for social justice within the denomination

Melodie Ressler

• Served as executive director of the BIC Foundation

Kelly Childs

• Served as a denominational leader in the area of church planting and development

Heather Larson

• Though not exclusively BIC, she served as executive pastor and then lead pastor at Willow Creek Community Church, which has BIC connections

Please note that this list is not exhaustive, and there are many other women who have made significant contributions to the BIC in various capacities. Additionally, as the role of women in leadership has expanded more recently, there are likely emerging leaders who are not yet widely known outside their immediate contexts.

From ChatGPT

The Brethren in Christ is a Christian denomination with roots in the Anabaptist and Pietist traditions. While there can be some variation in beliefs and practices among individual congregations and members, there are several theological tenets that are generally characteristic of the Brethren in Christ:

1.     Believer's Baptism: Like other Anabaptist groups, the Brethren in Christ practice believer's baptism, which means that individuals are baptized upon a confession of faith in Jesus Christ. They do not baptize infants but baptize adults and sometimes older children who have made a personal commitment to Christ.

2.     Nonresistance: The Brethren in Christ hold a strong commitment to nonresistance and pacifism. They believe in following Jesus' teaching of turning the other cheek and loving one's enemies. This has been a key aspect of their identity and has led many members to conscientious objection during times of war.

3.     Community of Believers: The Brethren in Christ emphasize the importance of community and communal living. Historically, they have practiced mutual aid and shared resources within their congregations, promoting a sense of unity and caring for one another.

4.     Simplicity: Simplicity in lifestyle is often a core value for the Brethren in Christ. This can manifest in various ways, such as plain dress, an avoidance of excessive materialism, and a focus on humility and modesty.

5.     Biblical Authority: They hold a high regard for the authority of the Bible and seek to live in accordance with its teachings. They interpret and apply the Bible in ways that 

6.     Holiness and Sanctification: The Brethren in Christ place an emphasis on personal holiness and sanctification. They believe in the transformative power of the Holy Spirit and the ongoing process of becoming more Christlike in character.

7.     Service and Missions: Many Brethren in Christ congregations are actively involved in various forms of service and missions, both locally and internationally. They see the call to serve others, especially the marginalized and those in need, as central to their faith.

8.     Leadership and Congregational Autonomy: The Brethren in Christ typically have a decentralized form of church governance, with an emphasis on congregational autonomy. They may have pastors and leaders, but decisions are often made in a congregational or consensus-based manner.

It's important to note that beliefs and practices within the Brethren in Christ can vary somewhat from one congregation to another, and there may be differences in emphasis or interpretation of these theological tenets among members. These core principles, however, give an overview of the general theological orientation of the Brethren in Christ denomination.

Comments

(Hallucination) Lynn Thrush is NOT a woman!  Lynn is a male bishop, author, and encourager. After serving as a pastor in two congregations for thirty-eight years, thirteen near Gettysburg, PA, and twenty-five near Los Angeles, Lynn became Bishop of the Great Lakes Conference of the Brethren in Christ Church. He now lives near Dayton, Ohio, with his wife Carol. They have four grown children and four grandchildren. He has written Soaring Hope: Imagining Life As It Ought To Be, and is currently writing on the last book of the Bible, using the title, Soaring Revelation. (from lynnthrush.com)

Kelly Childs and Heather Larson are not associated with the BIC in any formative, leadership or theological way. Larson’s name and history was most likely pulled from Willow Creek resources by AI but mistakenly cited as important to BIC history and leadership. It is true that the 1982 General Conference set the tone and allowed for the future ordination of women as senior pastors within the denomination. However, I was at other meetings, nationally and locally, where women leaders were not recognized in senior pastoral roles in many BIC churches. “Official” denominational papers or tenets can be dismissed or not recognized by individual congregations and regions in the BIC. There still are few women senior pastors in the BIC, especially in the eastern churches. 

Bruxy Cavey has little to do with BIC theology and development in modern days. Dwight Robertson’s influence has been eclipsed by other national evangelical leaders such as John Maxwell, Bill Hybels (until he was dismissed from Willow Creek leadership) and numerous other evangelical “celebrities.” The BIC has a history of moving quite rapidly from one evangelical “star” to another. This is missed by AI.

The Wesleyan influence in the history and theological development of the BIC is a lot more nuanced than AI gives credit. Most current BIC pastors and churches believe and practice “progressive” sanctification rather than Wesleyan perfectionism or “second blessing” immediate sanctification experiences. AI “cheats” on Wesleyanism in the BIC, in my opinion, in saying that “It's worth noting that the degree of Wesleyan influence can vary among BIC congregations and individuals. The denomination seeks to balance its Wesleyan heritage with its Anabaptist and Pietist roots, creating a unique theological blend. Some BIC churches and members may lean more heavily into Wesleyan theology, while others may emphasize other aspects of their theological heritage.” “Balance” is most likely the wrong descriptor of such influence in the history and theology of the denomination. What AI calls a “synthesis” of beliefs are more accurately historical “streams of influence” within the Brethren in Christ.

 

ChatGPT seems the more accurate AI rendering of BIC distinctives and foci. There is a lot more diversity in BIC congregational life and histories than that given by AI. Many leaders in recent years have come from non-BIC roots and histories, thus adding their influence on congregational theology and life. Human fact checking needs to be accomplished in BIC theology and history and leadership. A lot more nuanced work needs to be done in artificial intelligence to get it right in the Brethren in Christ.